Background: Few studies have linked major dietary nutrient patterns to chronic diseases. Despite the growing evidence on the association between dietary patterns and obesity, we are aware of no study that examined the association between patterns of nutrient intake and obesity.Objective: To identify major nutrient patterns in Iranian adults and investigate their association with general and abdominal obesity.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, dietary data were collected using a validated dish-based 106-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in 8691 subjects aged 18-55 years. Complete data of 6724 and 5203 adults were available for general and abdominal obesity, respectively. Data on anthropometric measures were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. General obesity was defined as body mass index≥30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference> 102 for men and>88 cm for women. Daily intakes of 38 nutrients and bioactive compounds for each participant were calculated. Principal component analysis was applied to derive major nutrient patterns.Results: Three major nutrient patterns were identified: 1) pattern 1 was high in fatty acids (including saturated, mono and poly-unsaturated fatty acids), cholesterol, vitamin B12, vitamin E, zinc, choline, protein, pyridoxine, phosphorus, and pantothenic acid.; 2) pattern 2 was high in thiamine, betaine, starch, folate, iron, selenium, niacin, calcium, and manganese, and 3) pattern 3 was high in glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamin C, potassium, total dietary fiber, selenium and vitamin K. Men in the highest quintile of pattern 2 were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model (Odds ratio (OR): 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20-0.76). After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant positive association was observed between pattern 3 and general obesity among men (OR: 1.77; 95%CI: 1.04-3.04), but not in women (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.74-1.88). No overall association was seen between patterns of nutrient intake and abdominal obesity in either gender.Conclusion: Major nutrient patterns were significantly associated with general, but not abdominal obesity in the Iranian population. Further studies in other populations along with future prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

background: This study examined the association between caesarean delivery and general and abdominal obesity among children.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 635 children aged from six to 12 years-of-age (476 girls and 159 boys) were randomly selected from Isfahan elementary schools.Weight, height and waist circumference were measured.General and abdominal obesity were based on World Health Organization growth charts and Iranian national cut-off points, respectively. Parents were asked about delivery type and other factors potentially related to childhood obesity using a self-administered questionnaire.The association between delivery type and obesity was examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results: The overall prevalence of general and central obesity was 17.6% and 17.1%, respectively, and caesarean delivery was significantly associated with general obesity after controlling for potential confounders (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 1.30-4.63, P=0.005). We observed a significant association between caesarean delivery and abdominal obesity in crude analyses (OR: 1.66; 1.02-2.69, P=0.04), but this disappeared after adjusting for covariates (OR: 1.96; 0.82-4.69, P=0.13).Conclusion: Our results suggest that caesarean delivery is adversely associated with general childhood obesity, but not abdominal obesity. This provides support for recommending vaginal births, unless contra-indicated. Further research in large populations is required to confirm these findings.

Background: Findings from cross-sectional studies on the association between coffee consumption and odds of obesity are inconsistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of earlier cross-sectional studies on the association between coffee consumption and odds of obesity. Materials and Methods: The online databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and EMBASE were systematically searched to identify relevant publications up to April 2023. Cross-sectional studies that considered coffee as the exposure and general and abdominal obesity as the outcome were included. Studies that had reported odds ratios (ORs) as effect size were included in the meta-analysis. To pool data, a random-effects model was used. Results: In total, 23 studies were included in our systematic review. Twelve publications on general obesity and 15 publications on abdominal obesity were examined in the meta-analysis. Overall, 207551 individuals aged ≥19 years were included. With regards to general obesity, pooling 13 effect sizes from 12 cross-sectional studies showed that coffee intake was not associated with odds of general obesity (overall OR: 1. 11,95% CI: 0. 92, 1. 33). In subgroup analysis by gender, we found a significant positive association between coffee consumption and odds of general obesity in women (OR: 1. 84,95% CI: 1. 51, 2. 24). Concerning abdominal obesity, combining 18 effect sizes from 15 studies, we failed to find a significant association between coffee consumption and odds of abdominal obesity (OR: 1. 03,95% CI: 0. 92, 1. 15). Conclusion: No significant association was found between coffee intake and odds of obesity. However, gender-stratified analyses revealed significant relationships.

Background: Urinary incontinence is prevalent among older adults worldwide and associated with lower quali-ty of life. Obesity is highly associated with development or exacerbation of urinary incontinence. We examined the impact of different types of obesity (general obesity and abdominal obesity) on urinary incontinence. Methods: We employed 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) with 4648 females over 19 yr of age. Body mass index, waist circumstance, total body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage, demographic variables, and potential confounding factors were assessed. Chi-square tests and lo-gistic regression analysis were used. Results: There were significant trends of increasing risk of urinary incontinence with increasing body mass in-dex (P =. 002), waist circumstance (P =. 001), percent total body fat (P =. 029) and percent trunk fat (P =. 005). Regarding the association of urinary incontinence prevalence with different types of obesity, nonobese women with abdominal obesity had the highest odds ratio of urinary incontinence, followed by obese women with ab-dominal obesity (odds ratio = 1. 59 and 1. 55, respectively). Conclusion: Abdominal obesity may be more likely to be associated with urinary incontinence compared to overall obesity. Early screening and identification of abdominal obesity may be needed for older women to pre-vent or reduce urinary incontinence episodes.

Background: Obesity is one of nutrition-related diseases which predisposes one to more serious chronic diseases.Accumulation of fat in abdominal area, which is known as abdominal obesity, is additionally associated with increased risk of some diseases, including hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and explored possible associations between dietary intakes with obesity and hypertension in a sample of Shiraz adolescents.Methods: Participants were 673 adolescents (341 male and 332) aged 12-19 years which were selected from 20 middle schools and high schools by multistage stratified cluster random sampling. Height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Dietary intakes were assessed with a 130-item food frequency questionnaire.Z-scores of body mass index (BMIZ) were calculated with Epi-Info software. BMIZ>1 was considered as obesity.Aَbdominal obesity and hypertension were defined by comparing waist circumference and blood pressure with corresponding standards for adolescents. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16.Results: Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity was 52.8% and 12.2%, respectively, and there was not a difference between males and females. With increasing age, the prevalence of general obesity decreased (p=0.004) but abdominal obesity did not change significantly. High systolic and diastolic blood pressure was prevalent in 24.2% and 32% of students respectively.Conclusion: The rate of high systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in males than females. Hypertension strongly correlated with both types of obesity